NEW YORK (AP) — After the Columbine High School massacre in 1999 and the Mumbai attack in 2008, police departments across the United States adopted a new mindset on how to deal with what they call "active shooter" incidents in which people are trapped in restaurants, theaters or other soft targets. After those attacks, authorities have been hammering home the dangers of responding to mass homicides in progress, even suggesting that hostages should fight for themselves as a last resort. The hostage-taking in Paris by heavily armed attackers linked to the Islamic State group at the Bataclan concert hall had nothing to do with using victims as bargaining chips. Under the new normal, police departments nationwide have increasingly armed ordinary patrol officers with high-powered rifles to match extremists' firepower in a domestic brand of urban warfare. The NYPD has taken the extra step of forming a quick-strike force of 500 officers specially trained to combat terrorism and has run tactical drills to improve response times to multiple locations, especially soft targets such as theaters and restaurants. Two prime examples: the failed attempt by Najibullah Zazi to assemble suicide vests and deploy them in New York City subways in 2009 and the botched Times Square car bombing by Faisal Shahzad in 2010.