With its intriguing premise and handsome production values, “Arrival” continues an encouraging trend in science-fiction filmmaking, embodied by the likes of “Gravity” and “The Martian”: films that imbue the genre’s inherent flights of fancy with sophistication and meaningful subtext. In this adaptation of a short story by Ted Chiang, director Denis Villeneuve (“Prisoners,” “Sicario”) announces from the outset what kind of journey he intends to take us on.